SOLEXEL achieve epitaxial silicon solar cell conversion efficiency of 20.1% unit

SOLEXEL company in the solar cell of the International Society "EU PVSEC" announced , formed by epitaxial growth of silicon thin film solar cell unit to achieve a conversion efficiency of 20.1% . Since the formation of silicon ingots and eliminates the need for cutting cell processes , etc., so the module manufacturing cost can be reduced to $ 0.4 / W.

SOLEXEL was founded in 2007, venture firms , has about 50 employees. Pawan Kapur , vice president of the company said, "This is our first introduction to the detailed manufacturing method ." Manufacturing method , first forming a porous silicon film on a substrate , in which is formed by epitaxial growth on the light absorbing layer - single crystal silicon film ( thickness of 43μm); Then , after forming a metal film such as aluminum , the use of a laser patterned forming an electrode ; finally overlap flexible material , peeled from the substrate and the epitaxial silicon film section above . Substrates intended for reuse. The standard cell size and crystalline silicon solar cell manufacturers the same as 156mm square.

Cell conversion efficiency of 20.1% is the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) measured the official value . SOLEXEL said improved battery cell after received the result of more than 21% . In the future, the company plans to expand the size of the battery unit to 210mm square , in addition, will also consider the use of materials other than silicon compounds .

U.S. Nuclear fusion rockets only a few months and from Mars

Existing technology allows astronauts to and from Mars takes about 500 days , but the U.S. scientists are developing a technology-driven using nuclear fusion rockets, round-trip time can be shortened to six months or so . They predict that it will be decades fusion rocket help people to explore Mars and other deep space .

The so-called nuclear fusion , refers to the combination of two or more nuclear reactions , resulting in tremendous energy . According to the U.S. Space Network 7 reported that the U.S. space propulsion technology company MSNW recently gave NASA describes progress in nuclear fusion rocket development , said that nuclear fusion is not rocket science fiction plot, but fully realize that the foundations of physics in the laboratory been proven. Humans using nuclear fusion rocket to Mars in 90 days , it is possible to achieve in a few decades .

" In general this will become a reality ," MSNW solarpanelcellonline company scientist Anthony Panke Di said, " fusion occurs not only on the sun , but also in our laboratory ."

Conceived by Panke Di et al , Mars round trip as long as 210 days , which go away 83 days , return 97 days , staying 30 days on Mars . Their fusion rocket works , the first hydrogen isotopes deuterium-tritium plasma injected a metal chamber , and then use the magnetic field compression technology allows nuclear fusion plasmas to obtain driving energy . Spacecraft is also equipped with buy solar panels o collect solar energy to provide the desired initial trigger nuclear fusion energy .

The researchers say they are making when working with real rocket about the size of nuclear fusion experimental device , I hope next year to achieve a breakthrough .

U.S. bipartisan wrangling market fears upgrade

Hina Solar subsidiary is licensed patents and technical knowledge

Hina Solar (00566.HK) announced Hina Holdings , a subsidiary Global Solar, and the company's wholly owned subsidiary Hanergy Hi-Tech into the right permission to use Global Solar 's CIGS thin film solar module 61 patents and technical know-how agreement for a term year at a price of $ 1 . In addition, the company is actively seeking to acquire technical knowledge or CIGS thin film on patents and intellectual property opportunities. Hanergy Hi-Tech is a wholly owned subsidiary. Hina Global Solar is a wholly owned subsidiary of Holdings . Hina Holdings is principally engaged in the businesses include investment in clean energy in China , which has been operating in China or invest in more clean energy projects, including solar projects , hydro and wind power projects .

Suntech photovoltaic downwind intends to acquire certain equity

Downwind photovoltaic (01165.HK) announced yesterday ( 8 ) , a wholly owned subsidiary, Jiangsu Opto downwind to no ? Suntech's manager for the acquisition of non ? Suntech certain equity , and its successors reorganization submitted bid documents . No ? Suntech is principally engaged in the manufacturing and sales of solar cells and solar modules , and now in liquidation and reorganization . If the company successfully bid for and carry out possible acquisitions , is expected to be with and without ? Suntech's managers duly signed sale and purchase agreement and intended to debt financing , equity financing , joint venture or partnership arrangement , internal resources and other types of financing to provide financing for a possible acquisition . According bid , the company has not ? Suntech's managers pay a deposit 500 million yuan . If bidding is not successful, the deposit will refundable . The company believes that the Acquisition will be consistent with the company's expansion strategy and will further strengthen the company's solar cell and solar module production capacity , the company will further expand into solar power plant group 's operations synergies.

Detailed 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The experiment into the information age

Chemical reactions are extremely rapid period of rapid migration of electrons in the nucleus , allowing scientists dazzled. 2013 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry The work done so chemists have been using computers to help reveal the mysterious world of chemistry . This progress brought on detailed understanding of chemical processes will help us improve the catalyst , drugs and even aspects of the process of solar panels for sale .

Now, chemists around the world every day on the computer to design and conduct experiments . This scene was made possible , it has benefited from three scientists : Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel in the 1970s began to work . They carefully examine the complex chemical processes each small step , but these details are usually difficult to detect visually .

A picture is worth a thousand words , but not all

In order to facilitate the general reader to understand the significance of this achievement , we are here to illustrate . Suppose now that you receive an experimental task : to create artificial photosynthesis. This occurred in the plant leaves into the magical chemistry let oxygen in the atmosphere is full , and this life on earth basis for survival . However, this perspective for environmental protection are equally important - if you can mimic photosynthesis mechanism , then we will be able to create a more efficient buy solar panels  When the water molecules are decomposed to produce oxygen will , but also can be used to produce the energy of hydrogen. Therefore, to carry out work in this area has great appeal and value. If you succeed, you will be able to help the world fight against the greenhouse effect.

First, you may need to go online to find proteins involved in photosynthesis dimensional fine structure , which in some large databases can be free. On your computer, you can freely be viewed from all angles . These huge protein molecules may contain hundreds of thousands of atoms. In which there is a very small area , called the reaction center . It is here that the water molecules are broken down .

New materials, titanium dioxide market research analysis operating conditions

A latest news, USTC reveal anatase titanium dioxide (commonly known as "Titanium") surface of the catalytic activity and the microscopic reaction mechanism, which is expected in the preparation of organic solar cell panel  solar energy into chemical energy environmental protection has made application. Titanium dioxide is not just the use of force end of this isolated cases. Overseas media have even pointed out: Multipurpose titanium dioxide will replace a wide range of applications of graphene has become "the world's most useful materials."

An agency who told reporters on zhengbao, titanium dioxide traditional downstream, such as paints, textiles, paper and other medium-term is difficult to see continued rapid growth, but environmental protection, new energy, high-end equipment, medical and other fields of new materials will become the titanium dioxide a transition from traditional to high-end shortcut.

Have been breakthroughs in the use of titanium dioxide

Recently, in the new energy, environmental protection, high-end equipment, medical and so on, almost every field of new materials breakthroughs, titanium dioxide can be found on the scene. Domestic institutions on the Shanghai Securities News reporter who said that the so-called overcapacity just encountered a bottleneck in the development of traditional areas, once the new technology, new materials breakthroughs, titanium dioxide limitless space for future development.

USTC latest scientific research team will be incorporated into the new energy development dioxide territory. USTC scientific team recently pointed out in the paper, titanium dioxide as an oxide semiconductor, solar energy conversion research is an important material system. Prepared in organic solar cell  the solar energy into chemical energy and other environmentally friendly aspects of the application is expected to achieve in the photocatalytic splitting of water and artificial photosynthesis and other aspects of hydrogen promising.

Recently the Australian National University supercapacitor study, titanium dioxide and then play a leading role. In the super capacitor manufacturing process, the Australian side found a way to store more energy, a smaller loss of insulating material - indium composite coating with niobium rutile (titanium dioxide). Rutile is a relatively pure titanium dioxide, rutile titanium dioxide production is the best material.

In the field of environmental protection, titanium dioxide is transformed into a multi-purpose flexible filter membrane. It is understood that this versatile flexible membrane filters can be used to improve battery life, water purification, manufacturing antimicrobial medical materials. The use of titanium dioxide in the field of environmental protection is also extended to the prevention and control of air pollution. In the Netherlands, scientists are studying the titanium dioxide mixed with asphalt or concrete, eliminating vehicle emissions, 25% to 45% of nitrogen oxides to reduce pollutants in the air.

Onto the roof, Journey Into Amazing Caves

In addition to expanding the use of the roof space, there is an advantage of abundant sunshine, do not worry about lighting issues. Thus, green roofs, rooftop solar controller is through the distance from the sun strengths to achieve people's environmental dreams. The popularity of the concept of green roofs, all the major international cities are popular since the hanging gardens.

Engaged in the cause of more than ten years green roof green roof Association Secretary-General Wang Xianmin world view, green roofs can cure many of the "modern urban disease" - the winter haze, summer urban waterlogging and lead to high temperature heat island effect, can be Green roofs relief, because green roofs help purify the air, rainwater harvesting, cooling insulation.

According to Wang Xianmin observation, Germany is the green roof of the "leader", as early as 1982 began this legislation. Later, Japan, Singapore, the United States, France, are followed, from legislation to encourage green roof. Today, Japan's rate of new construction of green roofs is 100%.

In the specific practices, the German legislation, reported that construction of new buildings must have green roofs, even in rural areas, too, tend to give developers and the government subsidy of 50% to 100% of the green roof construction fees. If there is no roof greening, the government have the means - to close the drainage fee. This is because there is conducive to establishing a green roof rainwater collection system, if the roof bare, will increase the pressure on urban pipeline.

About green roofs, although China is currently no legislation to be encouraged, but Yang Baojun said, as long waterproof, load problems can be resolved, in principle, is encouraged. And Wang Xianmin believes that developers should take up this responsibility, after all, "real estate construction costs greening costs account for only 1/1000", and the construction of a green roof waterproofing system, you can also extend the life of the house, "This is the sustainable development vision. "

In addition to direct green outside, the roof construction of solar energy projects, make full use of clean energy, but also the roof is a major contribution to environmental protection. Or in Germany, thanks to January 1999 from the implementation of "100,000 Solar Roofs Plan", residents have set up buy solar panels on the roof, the electricity in addition to their own use, the remaining can be sold to the grid company, and received power fees. According to 2010 data, relying on the rooftop power generation, some German families can earn 1,500 euros a year.

Photovoltaic Association criticized the French government cut the tax credit program

French Renewable Energy Association Syndicatdes Energies Renouvelables (SER) solar regulator branch SOLER criticize the French government in its 2014 budget plan to cancel residential PV systems 11% tax credit.

SOLER said that despite the beginning of a government assistance, but the first half of 2013, France's new PV installed capacity is only 207MW, the market still depressed from 12 months to recover.

According to the Commission on Sustainable Development data, due to lack of policy support, the first half of 2012 and the first half of 2013 fell between the new PV installed capacity by 78%. SOLER claimed that without government aid some of the china solar panel manufacturer may not be able to survive, resulting in the loss of hundreds of jobs. French residential market now accounts for a quarter of the domestic solar industry.

On Wednesday, the French government announced its 2014 Finance Act and the draft, in December before the need congressional approval before implementation. Finance Act detailed plan for the coming year in government spending. Government is facing tremendous pressure, will account for 2013 GDP4.1% budget deficit down to 3.6% of GDP next year, partly in order to reach the EU Commission requested the national debt.

This draft International Photovoltaic Research Conference on EUPVSEC released on the eve of the meeting will be held September 30 to October 4 was held in Paris, France. Government draft also includes polluting cars, activities and energy / petroleum products by imposing punitive taxes proposal.

Green Energy Development imprisoned German electricity depression change "luxury"

While Sweden kWh of clean energy than conventional electricity costs only about 10% higher

    Since Japan's Fukushima nuclear accident, Germany decided to stop the development of nuclear energy, wind energy and solar module driven open new energy era. But two and a half later, more and more people realize that this grand blueprint looks beautiful, implementation has been plagued with problems.

    Xinhua News Agency, in Europe, Germany, price is always the most expensive, and the government has failed to effectively control the cost of new energy production, energy is becoming a luxury.

    According to the German "Der Spiegel" reported that German consumers this year will be solar, wind and biogas energy to pay 200 million euros, while its market price is only worth 3 billion euros.

    20 billion cost for

    Electricity price 3000000000

    This € 20 billion does not include the unpredictable costs. Because the weather reason, how to build solar panels and wind turbines can sometimes produce a lot of power, sometimes nothing. When the power is too large, the need to shut down the wind turbine, but consumers have to pay for the cost of electricity generated theoretically.

    On the other hand, sometimes the wind turbine suddenly stopped, especially in the cold season, the power supply becomes tight, traditional heavy oil and coal-fired power plants will be restarted in order to compensate for power shortages. This is the carbon dioxide emissions in Germany in 2012 is higher than 2011's sake.

    If still not alleviate the shortage of electricity, in order to protect the power grid, some of the big power, such as the ArcelorMittal steel company, etc., will be forced to stop production. Stop the loss, of course, be borne by consumers.

    "Der Spiegel" is expected in the near future, the German general family of three average monthly electricity bill will reach 90 euros, twice in 2000.

    Swedish power generation

    45% rely on new energy

    2000 on the occasion, the Swedish era into green energy, while facing a severe economic crisis. National Energy Agency experts Gustav Aibei Na said: "when one thing is clear, that is necessary for the development of renewable energy as much as possible to control costs."

    Swedish model, the cost of clean energy kWh than conventional electricity only about 10% higher. Currently, 45% of Sweden's hydroelectric generating capacity from traditional into new energy sources, while the corresponding proportion in Germany is only 10%.

    Sweden, the use of "government quotas, market produce certificates" model of development. "In a sense, it is a subsidy program with Germany on the contrary," lived in Germany for many years, familiar with the German energy reform Aibei Na said.

    Swedish model is suitable for Germany? To this end the German government set up a special committee, whose members submit program proposals, the government issued a green energy supplier to the energy index, and then gradually increase its production targets. The deadline for the first phase is January 1, 2015, when 27.5% of electricity from renewable energy sources; 2016, this proportion rose to 29%; until 2020 reached 35%.

    As for what kind of green energy development, the energy companies and municipal public agencies can choose. The Committee believes that energy suppliers will be reasonably used his own money to develop wind, solar or biomass, and municipal public agencies are seeking the lowest market price. This mechanism would enable consumers to benefit from competition.

    Follow the principles of market economy

    Energy suppliers in order to prevent falsification of indicators, Sweden requires them to submit a series of green energy certificates, each certificate represents completion of a MWh indicators, if not complete index will be heavy fines.

    Its addition, all are to follow market economy principles: When the green energy production is low, the price naturally goes up, it will encourage investors to build more wind turbines or solar matrix can also invest in pumped storage system that allows energy production more efficient and reasonable.

    Swedish Energy Minister Anna - Karin Hart said, the biggest advantage is that the Swedish model is not bureaucratic restrictions, the Government set a target, without limiting means.

Market diversification initial victory JA Solar counterattack

Throughout the solar Photovoltaic Panels industry trough, JA price once fell below $ 1, facing the danger of being delisted. Not self-revolution is no way out, JA management innovation in the internal set off a storm, by the development of new technologies, the development of emerging markets, and control of financial risk to become an industry leader, will upgrade to the current price of $ 8 or more.

Change the world energy map was Chinese solar PV industry giants dream, but in 2011 began the second half cold wave struck them by surprise, a new vision of limitless energy revolution process marked by a "pause."

Layoffs, bankruptcy, delisting enveloped the Chinese solar PV industry, the majority of small and medium enterprises are in photovoltaic production or semi-shutdown state. How to find a sustainable development of the solar photovoltaic industry way of existence?

Winter in the industry and the EU "double reverse" investigation under the shadow of JA contrarian growth, the industry's Star of Hope. This year, a quarterly gross margin of 6%, compared with -4.6% in the fourth quarter increased by 10 percentage points. In a quarterly publication of the next day, JA Solar shares rose 70 percent, and led the entire solar sector rebounded sharply, which undoubtedly is in winter in the photovoltaic industry add a fire.

2012, JA and where the Crystal Dragon Group sales revenue of 19.5 billion yuan, net profit of 168 million yuan the whole group. According to Solarbuzz research report, 2012 JA module shipments ranked eighth in the world, compared with 2011 increased substantially by 7, to become the world leader in the fastest-growing component.

The same was in the industry cliff JA, why can achieve contrarian growth?

JA share price had fallen to less than $ faced delisting cliff, has been focusing on photovoltaic solar module industry and JA started by semiconductor silicon crystal dragon Group's parent company did not retreat, the future of the solar photovoltaic industry is their biggest bets . Instead, the harsh environment of outer Forced JA carried out a management revolution, the core technology, emerging markets, financial management to be effective.

According to public information, JA 2010 shipments of 1.46GW, 2011 Linden 1.69GW, 2012 is expected 1.7GW. According to IMS and Solarbuzz research institutions and other international authoritative industry research report, JA 2010 and 2011, global production of crystalline silicon solar cells ranked first, in 2012 the global top two. At the same time, JA has been successfully realized main business components from the battery to the transformation of 2012 assembly shipments accounted for 55% of total shipments.

Wenduo photoelectric conversion rate of technological innovation champion

EU's "double reverse" investigation after the settlement, JA parent Crystal Dragon Group Executive Vice President Guer Ying said with deep feeling, China's photovoltaic products in the EU market, the selling price is around € 0.52 per watt. Under the agreement, the minimum price increased to € 0.56 per watt, the price advantage is obvious, you want to keep the market, expand the market, we must rely on the quality and technical victory, the same product, you must have a higher photoelectric conversion rates.

JA photoelectric conversion rate is to defeat the enemy killer.

August 1, JA announced that the company developed polycrystalline silicon solar cell conversion efficiency of entrepreneurial circles new record, up 18.3 percent, higher than the industry average conversion efficiency improved by one percentage point absolute value, costs can be reduced by 5% to 7%.

JA JA CTO Yong technology for confident, solar photovoltaic cells is JA's traditional strengths, high technology content. With the exception of the United States SUNPOWERD back electrode battery technology and low magnification converging technologies, and Sanyo's HIT technology, JA is a global technology leader. The first two techniques are costly, can not see the prospect of decline. JA successfully developed a number of cutting-edge technology industry, including two printing technology, Cypress technology, Hirohide technology, times show technology, MWT technology and black silicon technology, has applied for 147 patents, of which 63 have been obtained national patent Board authorized.

JA adhere to introduce new products and maintain the photoelectric conversion rate leading level, even in the most difficult times always maintain R & D spending this year in order to ensure competitive products, investing $ 120 million grant to upgrade the product. Currently, JA Solar Cell Research Center developed two polymorphic techniques optical conversion rate more than 18%, three kinds of single silicon photovoltaic technology more than 20% conversion rate. Which has two technology products onto the production line. And most of the enterprises producing monocrystalline silicon solar cells and solar cell conversion efficiency has to remain at about 17.3% and 18.5% respectively.

Yong emphasize a key word is "cost of electricity" and reduce the "cost of electricity" mainly by advances in technology, economies of scale and lower raw material costs. PV industry now has a relatively overcapacity scale unsustainable, raw materials prices have dropped sharply after space has been very small, so the future depends mainly on space technology. JA has maintained a more than six months with the industry-leading strengths, and have sufficient technical reserves. Throughout the solar component, equipment installation costs accounted for 50%, the new technology will not only greatly increase the amount of power per square meter, but also effectively reduces installation costs per watt.

Technology revolution behind the management of innovation. In JA organizational structure, both production and R & D departments are Yong's CTO, in addition to have a dedicated R & D department and the team, in order to form a mass rapid technological production capacity in line at each production base with R & D personnel, production base is equivalent to the production line process R & D department personnel to optimize product performance, allowing seamless integration technologies and products.

Meanwhile, JA with the world's leading suppliers of joint development of technology, because JA solar cell technology is always in the leading level, many suppliers can not meet the requirements. On the basis of the resource sharing, through collaborative research, JA silicon solar cell technology in high-performance, low-cost thin-film solar cell technology and third-generation high efficiency solar cells, and many other aspects of exploration and research breakthroughs in key technologies related the formation of independent intellectual property rights, and the industrialization of research results. At the same time, JA and T? V NEG Company, INTERTEK Intertek Group, the world's most prestigious independent third-party authority to carry out strategic cooperation. JA also with the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory and other international and domestic leading research institutions and research institutes to establish a broad, in-depth strategic partnership.

7GW component exports to the EU quota allocation scheme upcoming second round off the set

In the ".5:2.5:1" distribution scheme, 10% support the export share of preferred for smaller enterprises and to support its own brand, high technology, financial condition of the photovoltaic cells export enterprises.

"But about 10% of the allocation scheme is still under discussion." Zhejiang, a photovoltaic company executives have said that for 10% of the quota, more intense competition for small businesses.

In fact, due to the implementation of the price undertaking negotiations by the end of 2015, the distribution scheme settled, means that enterprises can get two and a half export quota equivalent. Data also show that the first half of this year, the European installed capacity of 5.13GW, Chinese shipments to Europe 4.3GW, the second half of the remaining amount only 2.7GW.

"But now we have not exhausted the quota, because the current EU market downturn, € 0.56 / W in price, compared to Taiwan, Malaysia PV modules no advantage." Disclose the Zhejiang photovoltaic business executives.

In the above executives view, partly quota, is the original six, July If we can not export clearance part, but of less. "The extensive use of quotas may have to wait until October to go until the European inventory of 7788."

In this case, before the photovoltaic industry is worried about reselling quota has not happened yet, the executive said: "The risk is relatively large reselling them, fear of blame, no one wanted to become the industry's first accused person."

She Haifeng agrees: "reselling is not allowed on this one card CCCME very strict."

On the other hand, weak demand in the European Union under the influence after June this year, Chinese companies began a sharp decline in exports to the EU, China Photovoltaic Industry Alliance Secretary Wang Bo in September 17 Japan-China Energy Cooperation Forum A revealed that Chinese solar cell exports to Europe monthly decline in the proportion of 1-July export proportion has dropped to below 50%.

"We also went to some business surveys, now, although production is still not changed, but some companies that received orders from Europe decreased significantly." Minsheng Securities chief analyst of new energy power equipment Wang Haisheng said.

He explained that because of reduced orders behind the PV plant yields fell badly, Europe began to slow down or even abandon large-scale power plant construction; small rooftop projects although there are 7% of the basic rate of return, but widely distributed, must take the distribution channel, because it is not securitized, nor loans, some companies feel do can not do, "do no meaning."

Provided by the Ministry of Industry data show that the first half of 2013 exports of Photovoltaic Panels 8.3GW, essentially flat with 2012. The fundamental reason is that the growth of the Asia-Pacific and African markets to offset the decline of the EU market.

Electronic Tattoo: goodbye with bulky medical equipment

Hey, remember when they played the kind of simple good-looking temporary tattoo stickers do ? Simply favorite designs cut down, and then dipped in water, can be in any part of the body "Indian " to sell other small partners envy of " work of art ."

[ Technology ] electronic tattoo : goodbye with bulky medical equipment

Human preferences tattoos long time, as far as can be traced back to primitive times . About the causes of tattoos , there are a variety of claims . In ancient times, tattoos in addition to beautifying the body , to frighten the enemy , highlighting the cultural role, even for adults to have sex right kind of symbol symbol.To learn more please visit: http://www.solarpanelcellonline.com/

However, the University of Illinois in the United States , John Professor Rogers eyes, tattoo of value should have more room for imagination . In recent years, Rogers and his research team has been committed to the development of ultra-thin , flexible electronics , and their latest research results is the ability to accurately measure a person's body temperature , you can also monitor the flow of heat and skin vasoconstriction expansion etc. electronic Tattoo (electronic tattoo).

"We want to reshape and redefine electronics equipment, so they look and people to be more ' seamless ' such as this electronic tattoo looks like human skin surface ." Rogers said , electronic tattoo monitoring information for people with heart friends vascular disease is very important.

[ Technology ] electronic tattoo : goodbye with bulky medical equipment

The electronic tattoo modified by a special joint made ​​of silicon and other materials , and its golden wavy pattern is actually a miniature sensors. Sensor thickness of less than 50 microns , is mounted in a water-soluble plastic ( 10875 , 105.00 , 0.97% ) on . Since the sensor surface of the polyester layer between the skin and the human body has a weak adhesive force, so thin electronic tattoo simply "over " the water, can be a good fit to the skin. Either you free to move, compression and tension , electronic tattoo will not break.

Although electronic tattoo thickness less than 50 microns ( diameter than a human hair thinner ) , but the mini figure was " hidden universe " , which contains an antenna used to transmit data and a tiny solar cell manufacturers or a small coil ( can be placed near the induction coil electrical power ) .

[ Technology ] electronic tattoo : goodbye with bulky medical equipment

Compared to conventional temperature measuring instruments , electronic tattoo biggest feature is close to human skin, a long time accurate monitoring of body temperature for 24 hours . By increasing the voltage to the tattoo , it can transfer energy to the skin of the user , a certain treatment. Rogers previous studies , this has been used to measure electronic tattoo human leg , heart and brain waves. Surprisingly, the results showed that : Electronic Tattoo and traditional method of measuring radio as good .

Domestic component in Europe, "not to be seen" "reselling quota" or into a new "business"

We have taken in the transfer market, develop strategies for emerging markets , to be alert to a new round of price wars

Although the EU PV negotiated peace settlement , but PV companies in the European market is still better than a day . Yesterday, the domestic photovoltaic companies in the acceptance of "International Finance " reporters frankly, € 0.56 / watt agreement prices have started to affect their orders in the European market .

" Although there is no specific statistical data out, but reduced orders for sure ." Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited media spokesman Wang Zhixin told reporters after the company estimates it has done , the agreement will make the price from the previous 63 European orders % to 43%.

Sharp drop in orders

For Chinese PV speaking, Europe is a very important market , Chinese photovoltaic products exports to the EU accounted for the highest proportion of total shipments above 90%.

Because of this , the EU "double reverse" great harm , after several rounds of negotiations , the EU finally agreed to cancel the "dual" , but the Chinese side must sign the " price guarantee " agreement in exchange . Following consultations , the Chinese side gives the lowest price commitment is 0.56 euro / watt china solar panel exports to the EU no more than 7GW. This agreement into force on August 6 .

" Customers do the original investment model is based on less than € 0.56 / W to do, and now suddenly rising costs , resulting in some customers had originally planned photovoltaic power plant projects canceled midway ." Phono Solar Yuan Quan told reporters .

Wang Zhixin also told reporters that before the Chinese PV products than the price of 0.56 euros / watt protocol lowest lot , which is competitive, but , now implementing € 0.56 / watt minimum price equal to the most competitive Chinese products in addition to the cut , many customers can not accept the current high prices, orders will be reduced . " The company expects this year's European shipments fell 20 percent ."

Up to now , a total of 94 Chinese PV companies gained exports to the EU quota . For these quotas how points, before China CCCME released " exports to the EU PV product prices commitment to implement measures" show , will take " 631 " quota allocation scheme , 60% of export quotas in accordance with the proportion remaining 30% and 10% , respectively, assigned to vigorously defend and small enterprises .

But industry experts expressed concern for this allocation : in this context, will breed reselling quota bad phenomenon .

How to deal with

From the EU's " double reverse " Start with a keen sense of smell PV companies have begun to change the strategic layout to minimize damage.

Yuan Quan told reporters , Hui Lun has begun before the focus back to the domestic market , while concerned about South Africa , South America, Southeast Asia and other emerging markets , reducing dependence on the European market . "Meanwhile, we are trying to model innovation, seeking and non- traditional channels of cooperation may PV ." Yuan -chuan .

And Yuhui Solar chose outsourcing . "In the past few years, we also like other companies , continue to invest and build factories , but now the company began to focus on limited resources and channel development and brand building , in the manufacturing, we will take the way overseas foundry . " Yuhui solar regulator founder and CEO Li Xianshou told reporters that at present , Yu -hui in the world has more than 40 foundries , assembly areas to produce their own half and half foundry , while 80% regard cell overseas foundry.

" Companies must adopt effective strategies , otherwise, would become long-term trend of reduced orders ." Said PV companies have also reminded all of us to take the transfer market, develop strategies for emerging markets , to be alert to a new round of price wars .

Sunshine Power: Inverters PV power plant EPC exports and become a new growth point

PV power plant EPC become a new growth point, optimistic about its sustainability ; this year 's new PV power plant system integration business in the first half revenue 266 million yuan , 600 million yuan annual target to become the new company's revenue and profit growth point ;

    We believe that companies with substantial cash in hand , cash sine wave inverter business good manufacturing capabilities, as well as management and Gansu, Anhui and other places of good government relations, participation in domestic photovoltaic power plant development business of private enterprises has certain advantages, recently the company and Anhui , Xinjiang and other places of power plant development agreement signed also to some extent to the new business continuity is ensured.

    Inverter business to maintain rapid growth , gross margins continue to stabilize the export breakthrough ;

    Company after deducting EPC business revenue growth of 26 %, including photovoltaic inverter revenue growth of 24% , taking into account the product price fell by nearly 30% , so the actual inverter sales remained relatively rapid growth in the fierce domestic market competition , the company's market share remained good ; half gross margin of 30.1% inverter with flat second half of 2012 , continued to show signs of stabilization stabilized ; we believe that , although the market remains competitive , but with the domestic PV Power market matures, the core competitiveness of inverter products from the price factor will gradually transition to product quality , product gross margin is expected to remain stable or even picked up ;

    Notably , the company in the first half of overseas sales revenue reached 77.32 million yuan , an increase of 230% , mainly photovoltaic inverter exports ; We believe that with the growth of domestic capacity , the company as the first brand in China Inverter , product quality and stability is expected to gradually gain recognition overseas customers , the future is expected to gradually increase the proportion of export sales ;

    Earnings adjustment

    We are the company 's latest earnings forecast for the 2013 ~ 2015E EPS respectively , 0.53,0.74,0.96 yuan ( which in 2013/14 compared with the previous forecasts by 8% and 5% ) , the next two years net profit CAGR 34 % .

    Investment advice

    Company as the first PV inverter market share of the enterprise, is the sector to benefit Chinese government launched the PV domestic policy-oriented subject of one of the most straightforward ; Companies leading position stable, steady rise of profitability , new business and overseas markets the breakthrough, optimistic about the company 's continuing growth , maintaining a "buy " rating.

China South Locomotive new PV inverter performance reached the international advanced level

China South Locomotive and its "CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Research Institute Co., Ltd." (referred to as China CSR Zhuzhou) developed 500 kilowatts of new PV inverters, photovoltaic power plant in Qinghai Plateau successfully installed a grid. The company can meet the large-scale photovoltaic products photovoltaic power plant complex requirements of grid access conditions, with volume production conditions.

     It is understood that the success of the new solar grid tie inverter 500 kilowatts and 500 kilowatts inverters compared to the original, the whole cost of significantly reducing the volume reduced 20% conversion efficiency, longer life, in the system harmonics, applied voltage range, active and reactive power adjustable, adaptive grid phase sequence, night SVG reactive power compensation and other key performance indicators are better than similar products, the indicators in full compliance with the national grid and the Golden Sun certification standards , the overall performance of the advanced level of similar foreign products.

     PV inverter solar photovoltaic power plant is one of the core equipment for the "Solar's core." In the solar photovoltaic systems, solar cell modules is converted to DC power through energy through photovoltaic inverter power conversion and control system of direct current into line with the requirements of AC power quality. Achieve "orthogonal transformation function," while maximize solar cell performance and system protection.

     China's photovoltaic inverter, especially high-power photovoltaic inverter in its infancy, foundation is weak. China CSR Zhuzhou, China Converter Technology National Engineering Research Center of the only support unit. Companies to enter the photovoltaic field four years ago, has been independently developed ranging from 50 kW to 1 MW power level of more than 10 kinds of PV inverter and related facilities, becoming one of the few domestic product spectrum series, complete one of the enterprise .

Able to bid on new energy grid power plant 50MW integrated inverter room, combiner box

September 10, 2013 on New Energy Co., Ltd. Wuxi from nine well-known domestic enterprises PV inverter to the fore, in one fell swoop was Huaneng Gansu Energy Development Co., a 50MWp grid-connected PV inverter integrated engineering room, Combiner Box procurement tender contracts. It is reported that on New Energy Co., Ltd. Wuxi exclusively in one of the project was the first 50MW Contract Ⅰ and Ⅱ tenders integrated PV inverter room, combiner box procurement contracts.

Huaneng Jinchang western slope of a 50MW photovoltaic power plant project is located in the western slope of Jinchang Jinchuan District photovoltaic park from Jinchang linear distance of about 10km, from Hexi Town 35km, site elevation between the 1450 ~ 1600m. Project area is flat, stable solar energy resources, development and utilization of favorable conditions; outbound traffic with county road and Highway 212, State Road 312 connected to transportation is convenient.

Huaneng Jinchang Guang-volt power plant planned total installed capacity of 100MW, of two construction. An engineering, construction period six months, the proposed mounting bracket installation type, choose 300Wp / block polycrystalline silicon modules, using 35KV, 110KV two step approach and ultimately by the 110KV substation power delivery outlet a complete back. Integrated inverter room, combiner box Contract Ⅰ / Ⅱ tenders require suppliers to adopt 1MW photovoltaic grid-level box-type wind inverter room 25 sets of 16 back lightning protection combiner box 350.

Solid Dulwich complete PV plant installation work farm in Denmark

Jiangsu solid Dulwich recently announced that it has successfully completed the Danish farm inverter charger PV power plant installation and commissioning work. This group of power is 10kW, 15kW and 17kW three-phase inverter dual farm in Denmark last month delivered its applicability and installing flexible features, which greatly simplifies the installation steps for customers to save time and labor costs. At present, the plant has started to generate electricity.

         Danish PV market has experienced exponential growth in the past, but in 2012 the government change its policy so that this growth ceased abruptly. Nevertheless, the European Photovoltaic Association (EPIA) that the Danish market is still initiates a new growth momentum. In this context, the solid Dulwich farm power plant inverter supply project in this period will be one of the few success stories. The power plant will save the farm money, reduce carbon emissions play a significant role, but also for nearby residents reinforcement electricity protection.

         Solid Dulwich is a rapid development of new energy high-tech enterprise, has been focused on solar PV inverter R & D, production and sales. The company has developed and produced a single-phase single SS, DS single-phase dual, DT-phase dual, DI high frequency isolation, ES-way storage, JP Japanese models, MT centralized seven series PV inverter products power coverage 1.5kW to 500kW.

         Solid Dulwich GW4000-SS PHOTON inverter passed stringent tests, won the "double A" rating, ranking 4kW first. Company at this stage PV inverter capacity 1000MW / year will soon be expanded to 3000MW / years.

Oil is not the only energy cooperation

A Hanas related to International Business Daily reporter who revealed that in 2012 , the Arab countries , exports to China more than 1000 tons of liquefied natural gas , liquefied natural gas imports from China accounted for nearly 70%. Hanas and the Arab countries in strengthening oil and gas, solar energy, wind inverter are intent on cooperation , has conducted a preliminary investigation for several months , is expected late this year or early next year there will be implementation of the project .

The Kanas who also expressed his concern: " the investment environment in the soft environment is also very important , the Arab country's political environment and cultural customs to cooperate with one of our concerns , fear like Sany Heavy Industry ( 600031 , stock it ) investment Oregon wind project as acclimatized . " he also suggested that Arab countries Ningxia, China's comparative lack of understanding of energy companies , cooperation needs to be deepened . But he also said , I believe this will be the soft environment such as the Arab Expo exhibition to promote the national level gradually improved.

ZPEGC Ningxia Power Project Preparatory Office assistant general manager told the International Business Daily reporter Zhang Qi cite , Zhejiang Energy Group raw coal based power generation , but the past four years has embarked on wind power , solar energy projects . "The new energy is the future trend of development , but its development by the geographical environment, financial constraints are more enterprises to invest in when the first thing to consider is the rate of return , the high cost of so many companies on the development of new energy prohibitive ." Zhang Qi cite representation .

Speaking cooperation with Arab countries , Zhang Qi cite feeling some not start. He said: " Zhejiang Energy Group is interested in cooperation , but we do not know enough of the Arab countries , have yet to find cooperation projects ." He wants the state to give businesses guide investment in the hope that the future of energy in A Fair to host professional development organization more Arab exhibitors, this show is still the majority of Chinese enterprises in the exhibition.

New ways to solve the overcapacity

Former director of the National Energy Board , the National Energy Commission Expert Advisory Committee Director Zhang said that China 's total energy consumption throughout the year 2012 was 36.2 million tons of coal , an increase of 3.9% over last year , has become the world's largest energy producer and consumer. " Energy demand in developed countries is basically saturated , in the future China is new major energy demand for the country ." He said that the Arab countries, while rich in oil and gas reserves , but in recent years a growing interest for new energy , 60 per cent of its oil and gas resources for export in exchange for wealth this is the new energy -Arab cooperation opportunities lie .

This year , the Chinese PV industry good news continued , key enterprises gross profit margin increased by 10%. However, the annual world market for PV demand is only 35GW, while the Chinese PV production capacity has far exceeded 40GW. These how to deal with excess capacity ?

China Photovoltaic Industry Alliance Secretary Wang Bo proposed, the PV industry needs to accelerate the launch of domestic PV market , digestion batch production ; promote corporate mergers and acquisitions , integration of a number of production capacity ; strengthen sector management , eliminate a number of production capacity ; continue to implement the "going out" , transfer batch production capacity.

Tianjin Electric Drive Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. R & D Center photovoltaic products to the international sales manager Zhang Ting Chinese Commercial News reporters Zhan Shi and Le Yikuan PV inverter , head , style, and almost three-door refrigerator is designed for the European market . Zhang Ting , and now the European middle-class families that are installed PV inverter, which can save energy , so long as the per kilowatt about 1 yuan , while the market supply is required per kilowatt 3 yuan . The PV inverter each priced at more than ten million yuan, the company so far this year they sold a few hundred units. "But China has no application to this product . Storage is the future development of photovoltaic industry trends , interest rates will gradually rise ." Zhang Ting expressed .

From the "bazaar" to the professional exhibition

A five-day fair in September 19 was closed. As China - Arab Economic Forum, an upgraded version - First China-Arab Expo gratifying results , but also a great room for improvement .

About Yinchuan International Convention and Exhibition Centre , will see several big white tent , from China , the Arab countries and African countries featured products selling fun. Iranian carpets, Turkish dried fruits, handmade bronze Pakistan , Uganda, tambourine , China 's tea silk ...... customers to select a bizarre colored merchandise. This scene reminiscent of the "Arabian Nights" stories depicting Arab bazaar , imagine years ago on the Silk Road between China and the Arab countries business dealings .

Fair like a Grand Bazaar ( market ) . "I think the show of little help to us ." Tianjin Electric Drive Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. R & D Center upright photovoltaic products sales manager Zhang Yan . His company producing photovoltaic dc to ac inverter , the expectation at the show with peers exchange, but to the future only to find there is more like a " hodgepodge " and no PV industry professional exhibition, visitors to focus exclusively on photovoltaic products are less , reach the purpose of communication .

Beijing HRH Media Group stage director Cui Anming of Hanas New Energy Holdings Group designed the booth . He felt that the show is still much room for improvement . "For example, when we were asked to patrol hall wearing a logo, but we still do not know the next day wear , the result is some trouble ." Cui Anming proposal , the organization shall promptly notify the attention , while the venue operations should improve efficiency. "The show is a good platform, but need to think about how to make better use of this platform should be targeted to attract audiences ." Cuian Ming believes that this exhibition can suddenly catch the eye of the little things .

Zhejiang Energy Group to build the project in Ningxia power cite Department assistant general manager Zhang Qi also expressed his disappointment : "We are currently in the Arab countries are poorly understood , although investment interest , but no direction with the show originally wanted to know some Arab counterparts , but came after the discovery , energy companies from Arab countries is very small , basically these are China 's enterprises in the exhibition . " Zhang Qi energy cite proposed to hold a special exhibition.

It seems , from the Bazaar to mature professional exhibition, in A Fair is still a long way to go.To learn more please visit: http://www.sungoldpower.com/

Although there are many shortcomings, but as the first session of the Sino-Arab Expo , the results are still impressive . Expo project signing ceremony, trade and economic activities of 158 contracted projects , the contract amount 259.901 billion yuan . This figure exceeds the previous three sessions of Arab Economic Forum 's total contract amount , bilateral economic and trade become a milestone in the development process .

PV inverter market center of gravity eastward shipments fell for the first time in seven quarters

According to the professional industry research firm IHS latest research report that the European market by the negative impact of declining demand , the second quarter of 2013 , the global solar grid tie inverter shipments fell 5 percent , to 8.3GW-- since the third quarter of 2011 the first decline since . According to the report, " 2013 Global PV inverter market," the report said , given the market focus gradually move to a cheaper markets in Asia and Europe, the market price erosion in the second quarter , the global PV inverter shipments MoM fell 10 % to 8.3GW. Decline in shipments in the second quarter and the price of the common causes PV inverter revenue fell 18% to $ 1.6 billion .

PV senior market analyst at IHS Cormac Gilligan said: "Germany, Italy, the European key markets such shipments inverter cuts out faster than expected, some of these countries this year, the inverter market will exceed 70 percent reduction ."

" Part of the inverter suppliers have been very dependent on traditional large-scale market, but now vendors are deploying inverter new markets to expand in China , the United States , Japan and India, such high- growth countries in market share ."

Golden Sun Project boost Chinese market

IHS said the second quarter, the China market inverter shipments increased significantly , reaching 2GW.IHS said Golden Sun projects driven by Chinese manufacturers rush to complete the project construction

Gilligan said: "Although the second quarter, China sine wave inverter shipments nearly tripled , but the Chinese market is still mainly dominated by local suppliers , although a sizable market , but for overseas suppliers , the Chinese market is still challenging In addition, China inverter prices fell 14 percent , as low as $ 0.07 per watt

European market, " Losing country"

With the market focus moved to the East , the European inverter market gradually , " eclipsed ." Second quarter of 2013 , only three European Inverter Suppliers supplier among the world's top ten ( ranked by market share ) , compared to half of the country last year .

Gilligan said: " for the individual PV inverter market certification delays , declining sales and open up new barriers to market both the inverter supplier to Europe pose a serious challenge Furthermore , Chinese suppliers of these markets to compete foreign competitors and market inverter is increasing prices will further exacerbate the decline in sales . "

EMEA market demand reduction

According to the report revealed that the first half of 2013 , Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) region of the PV inverter shipments 10GW compared to the same period last year dropped over 40% , to 6GW. IHS said the global average price of regular inverter was sustained downward trend . Compared to the first quarter , second quarter, prices fell 10% , mainly due to the Asian market and the gradual decline in the cost of mature solar market price erosion . Based on this, in the second quarter , the global inverter sector revenue fell 18% to $ 1.6 billion .

Given prices, the European market most costly . The second quarter, sales declined in Europe inverter sector over 50 percentage points , of which Germany, Italy fell more than 60 percent of these markets .

Outlook

According to IHS forecasts, 2013 in the second half , the inverter shipments will grow significantly , annual shipments expected to reach 34.5GW. In addition, the vast majority of the inverter demand from the U.S. and Asia will remain , which is that there is no foundation in the American market pressure inverter suppliers .

IHS said that given the market focus shifted , is expected in 2013 Inverter suppliers ( in particular Sungrow, Omron, Tabuchi and TMEIC kind of Chinese and Japanese companies ) market share increased significantly , by contrast, the market share of European suppliers continued to cut .

The CVCF inverter waveform control technology design

In power electronic devices to CVCF power inverter as the core of UPS has been widely applied , its output waveform major technical requirements include low steady-state total harmonic distortion (THD) and fast dynamic response , since non- linear load , PWM modulation process dead and inverter system itself weakly damped and other factors, using the general closed-loop PWM control is not ideal. In this paper, the United States produced by TI TMS320F240DSP for the control chip, using repetitive control system to improve steady-state performance with the introduction of integral control pole configuration to improve the dynamic characteristics of the system , the experimental results show that the scheme can simultaneously achieve high quality of homeostasis and dynamic characteristics.

Repeat controller design

The basic idea of ​​repetitive control from control theory internal model principle , that if you want the control system of a reference instruction to achieve no static error tracking , then the instruction that generated the reference model must be included in the stable closed-loop control system internally.

P (z) is the inverter input and output of the discrete transfer function , is the system control object. Inverter switching frequency than the natural frequency of the LC filter is much higher , the dynamic characteristics determined primarily by the LC filter , obtained by establishing state equation P (z). In this system , L = 0.88mH, C = 60μF, inductor series resistance of 0.4Ω, the switching frequency and the sampling frequency is 10KHz, deduced discrete transfer function is:

Notch filter S1 (z) is mainly used for cancellation of the dc to ac power inverter resonant peak , a second order filter S2 (z) mainly provides high frequency attenuation. Zk links lead compensation filter S (z) and the control target P (z) the total phase lag , Kr is a duplicate control gain . Compensator C (z) to achieve the purpose of the object to the corrected low frequency gain close to 1 , as soon as the high frequency gain is reduced to -26dB or less, and the system in the low frequency band prior to the passage of the total phase shift as small as possible . Take Kr = 0.9, zk = z5, to C (z) P (z) of the Bode diagram in Figure 3 , can be designed to meet that requirement.

Prior to the passage on the concatenation of the control cycle latency links zN action delayed one cycle , which is the period of the detected error information in the next cycle began to affect the amount of control . Aspects of the introduction of cycle delay is mainly due to the system contains advanced aspects zk, if this system is to be able to physically realize , there must be a delay links pole placement

Repeat inverter control effectively improve steady-state performance , but poor dynamic response . In fact, the natural dynamic characteristics of the inverter good reason

PV inverter market center of gravity eastward shipments fell for the first time in seven quarters

According to the professional industry research firm IHS latest research report that the European market by the negative impact of declining demand , the second quarter of 2013 , the global solar inverter shipments fell 5 percent , to 8.3GW-- since the third quarter of 2011 the first decline since . According to the report, " 2013 Global PV inverter market," the report said , given the market focus gradually move to a cheaper markets in Asia and Europe, the market price erosion in the second quarter , the global PV inverter shipments MoM fell 10 % to 8.3GW. Decline in shipments in the second quarter and the price of the common causes PV inverter revenue fell 18% to $ 1.6 billion .

PV senior market analyst at IHS Cormac Gilligan said: "Germany, Italy, the European key markets such shipments inverter cuts out faster than expected, some of these countries this year, the inverter market will exceed 70 percent reduction ."

" Part of the inverter suppliers have been very dependent on traditional large-scale market, but now vendors are deploying inverter new markets to expand in China , the United States , Japan and India, such high- growth countries in market share ."

Golden Sun Project boost Chinese market

IHS said the second quarter, the China market inverter shipments increased significantly , reaching 2GW.IHS said Golden Sun projects driven by Chinese manufacturers rush to complete the project construction

Gilligan said: "Although the second quarter, China inverter shipments nearly tripled , but the Chinese market is still mainly dominated by local suppliers , although a sizable market , but for overseas suppliers , the Chinese market is still challenging In addition, China wind turbine inverter prices fell 14 percent , as low as $ 0.07 per watt

European market, " Losing country"

With the market focus moved to the East , the European inverter market gradually , " eclipsed ." Second quarter of 2013 , only three European Inverter Suppliers supplier among the world's top ten ( ranked by market share ) , compared to half of the country last year .

Gilligan said: " for the individual PV inverter market certification delays , declining sales and open up new barriers to market both the inverter supplier to Europe pose a serious challenge Furthermore , Chinese suppliers of these markets to compete foreign competitors and market inverter is increasing prices will further exacerbate the decline in sales . "

CVCF inverter waveform based control design

In power electronic devices to CVCF pure sine wave inverter  s the core of UPS has been widely applied, its output waveform major technical requirements include low steady-state total harmonic distortion (THD) and fast dynamic response, since non-linear load, PWM modulation process dead and inverter system itself weakly damped and other factors, using the general closed-loop PWM control is not ideal. In this paper, the United States produced by TI TMS320F240DSP for the control chip, using repetitive control system to improve steady-state performance with the introduction of integral control pole configuration to improve the dynamic characteristics of the system, the experimental results show that the scheme can simultaneously achieve high quality of homeostasis and dynamic characteristics.

Repeat controller design

The basic idea of ​​repetitive control from control theory internal model principle, that if you want the control system of a reference instruction to achieve no static error tracking, then the instruction that generated the reference model must be included in the stable closed-loop control system internally. First, the system uses the figure of repetitive control block diagram, the following analysis and explanation of its various parts.

P (z) is the dc to ac power inverter input and output of the discrete transfer function, is the system control object. Inverter switching frequency than the natural frequency of the LC filter is much higher, the dynamic characteristics determined primarily by the LC filter, obtained by establishing state equation P (z). In this system, L = 0.88mH, C = 60μF, inductor series resistance of 0.4Ω, the switching frequency and the sampling frequency is 10KHz, deduced discrete transfer function is:

Notch filter S1 (z) is mainly used for cancellation of the inverter resonant peak, a second order filter S2 (z) mainly provides high frequency attenuation. Zk links lead compensation filter S (z) and the control target P (z) the total phase lag, Kr is a duplicate control gain. Compensator C (z) to achieve the purpose of the object to the corrected low frequency gain close to 1, as soon as the high frequency gain is reduced to-26dB or less, and the system in the low frequency band prior to the passage of the total phase shift as small as possible. Take Kr = 0.9, zk = z5, to C (z) P (z) Bode diagram

Chinese solar cells three to five years will popularize Chinese families

Solar power is clean, green energy, China is also the world's largest producer of solar cells, solar cell panel  but the high price but difficult to enter Chinese homes. The main reason is that the production of raw material polysilicon solar cell prices. On the 11th, the reporter in China's largest polysilicon manufacturer - Jiangsu in the silicon industry has learned that the plant has production in September fell to $ 23.8 polysilicon costs, compared to the international market price of around $ 90 with a purpose great price cut. The company vice president Lv Jinbiao said that China in three to five years will be a significant reduction in the price of polysilicon. When solar photovoltaic cells or in Chinese people's homes spread.

Accounted for half of China's polysilicon production in the silicon industry is located in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, is currently the world's largest single investment in polysilicon production base. According to Lv Jinbiao, currently the company's monthly production capacity of 1800 tons, production in 2010 is expected to exceed 21,000 tons, will account for the global polysilicon market share of almost a fifth. China has been able to solve all solar companies listed in the U.S. around seventy percent of the demand. The company's production in the next few years will be 120% of the rate of increase.

Earlier Chinese enterprises engaged in the photovoltaic industry has been in a "two out" situation in which raw materials and sale of land are in the overseas markets. June 2009 JZPTD industry five total production capacity of 18,000 tons of polysilicon production line put into operation, making China the largest producer of polysilicon, Georgia. But also the Chinese raw material in the production of solar cell in this area to break the United States, Japan, Germany's long-term technological monopoly.

Lv Jinbiao said: "With the increasingly tight global energy, solar photovoltaic power generation has a very promising future. Currently, the domestic photovoltaic power generation cost of 1.5 yuan over the next three to five years, they will significantly reduce the market supply of polysilicon prices expect manufacturers together with photovoltaic cells photovoltaic power generation will be reduced to less than the cost of conventional electricity.

America developed a new transparent solar cell film

According to the American physicist organizational networks reported recently, the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory scientists have developed a light can be absorbed and converted into electrical energy a large area of the new transparent film . This film of the semiconductor and the fullerene material , a micro honeycomb structure . Research published in the latest issue of the " Materials Chemistry " magazine , the paper said the technology could be used to develop transparent how to make solar panels can even be made ​​of this material power windows.

    This material is composed of a semiconductor doped carbon fullerene polymer. Under carefully controlled conditions, the material can be self- assembly method consists of a hexagonal structure micron scale expanded to a size of several millimeters of the honeycomb structure covered with micro plane.

    Responsible for the study of the U.S. Brookhaven National Laboratory Center for Nanoscale Materials versatile physical chemist Mircea Cartwright said that although this honeycomb films produced using conventional polymer materials ( such as polystyrene ) similar process , but for the semiconductor and fullerene material and allow it to absorb the light generated charges is the first time .

    According to reports, the reason why the material can also be transparent in appearance only because the polymer chains are closely linked with the edges of the hexagon , and the remaining part of the structure is relatively simple to connect the center point outward thinner . This structure has a connection function , but also has a strong ability to absorb light , but also conducive to conducting current , while other parts are relatively thin and more transparent, and mainly from the light effect.

    Researchers a very unique way to weave this honeycomb film : First comprising a polymer and fullerene was added , including the micro-scale thin layer of small water droplets. These droplets to the polymer solution after the contact will self-assemble into a large array , and when the solvent was completely evaporated , it will form a large area of the hexagon honeycomb plane. Furthermore , the researchers found the formation of polymers and is closely related to the evaporation rate of the solvent , which corresponds to the charge of the final material will determine the transmission speed . The slower the solvent evaporates , the polymer structure more compact , faster the charge transfer .

    "This is a significant cost and effective method of preparing a lot of potential applications from the laboratory to large-scale commercial production being ." Cartwright said.

    By scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence probe confocal scanning microscope of new materials researchers confirmed the homogeneity of the honeycomb structure , and its different parts (edge ​​, center node ) of the optical properties and a charge generating tests carried out .

    Cartwright said: "We work so that people on the optical characteristics of the honeycomb structure of a deeper understanding . Next we plan to apply this material is transparent and rollable flexible solar cell and other equipment manufacturing them , in order to promote this kind of cellular membrane into the practical stage as soon as possible . "

See the transformation of economic development mode: "Twelve Five Year Plan" crack problems

Reporters interviewed in the coastal cities, one can often see huge banners: "a certain center of things" "Sensor Network International Innovation Park" and so on. Since the fourth quarter last year, nearly 20 provinces start things industrialization, industrial park construction staking. Not only of things, some experts pointed out that the carbon fiber production capacity around the world could ever use.To learn more please visit: http://www.solarpanelcellonline.com/

    On the one hand is the industrial proportion of small, weak international competitiveness, hard to bear "a great responsibility"; the other is the lack of core technology, blind expansion. The next five years, strategic emerging industries how the essay, how to achieve about 8% of GDP, the target is related to the overall transformation of the mode of economic development.

    [Break] path "second five" plan proposed emphasis on "developing strategic emerging industries", that "accelerate the formation of leading and pillar industries." Turning to the development of new energy and other emerging industries, China Development Research Foundation Deputy Secretary-General Tang said, "The biggest problem is how to promote innovation system." For example, he said that although China is the largest producer of solar panels cost  44% of the world Solar panels produced in our country, but it really is just 0.73% for domestic use.

    Tang Min, the United States, New Jersey home solar collection, use and sell impressed. In government grants and solar power company acquisitions policy, supported by the laying of a household solar panels, not only to meet their own use, but there are thousands of dollars each year from electricity sales richer. "We urgently need similar support policies."

    "The concept of strategic emerging industries, including both new industry model, including the use of new technology to upgrade traditional industries." Central University of Finance and Economics Dean Huang Shaoan that the next five years, should speed up scientific and technological innovation to support enterprises to become the main body, reversing the "Economic big country, supporting innovation, "the passive pattern.